Risk for Infection - Nursing Care Plan for Tuberculosis

Nursing Diagnosis for Tuberculosis : Risk for Infection related to inadequate primary defenses, decreased ciliary function / static discharge, malnutrition, environmental contamination, lack of information about the bacterial infection.

Expected outcomes are:

• Identify interventions to prevent / reduce the risk of spreading infection.
• Show / lifestyle changes to promote a safe environment.

Nursing Interventions: Risk for Infection - Nursing Care Plan for Tuberculosis:

1. Review of pathology of the disease phase (active / inactive) the spread of infection, through the bronchi of the surrounding tissues or the bloodstream or lymph system and the risk of infection through coughing, sneezing, spitting, laughing, kissing, or singing.
Rational: Helping the patient to want to understand and accept the therapy given to prevent complications.

2. Identification of persons at risk for infections such as family members, friends, people in one assembly.
Rational: People who are at risk to drug treatment programs to prevent the spread of infection.

3. Instruct the patient to close mouth and remove phlegm in an enclosed shelter if the cough.
Rational: This habit is to prevent transmission of infection.

4. Use a mask every action.
Rational: Reduce the risk of spreading infection.

5. Monitor the temperature.
Rational: febrile, an indication of infection.

6. Identification of individuals at high risk for pulmonary tuberculosis re-infection, such as: alcoholism, malnutrition, intestinal bypass surgery, using immune-suppressing drugs / corticosteroids, presence of diabetes mellitus, cancer.
Rationale: Knowledge of these factors help the patient to change lifestyle and avoiding / reducing conditions worse.

7. Emphasize not to discontinue therapy undertaken.
Rational: contagious period can occur only 2-3 days after onset of chemotherapy if it happens cavity, the risk, the spread of infection can continue for 3 months.

Collaboration:

8. Monitor sputum smear
Rational: To monitor the effectiveness of drugs and their effects as well as patient response to therapy.

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The Role of Family Health Care in Tuberculosis

The Role of Family Health Care in Tuberculosis. Associated with the family's ability to implement The Role of Family in Tuberculosis Health Care, namely:

a. Know the family health issues

Health is a family needs that should not be ignored because without health, everything is meaningless, and because sometimes the entire health care resources and the power of family funds depleted.

Inability of the family in identifying health problems in the family one of which is caused by a lack of knowledge. Lack of knowledge about the understanding of the family, signs and symptoms, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis.

b. Decide what is right for family health

This task is a major effort for families seeking help appropriate to their family circumstances, to consider who among families who have decided to determine the ability of the family action. Health measures undertaken by the family of the right to expect health problems can be reduced even resolved.

Family's inability to take decisions in doing the right thing, because the family did not understand the nature, weight and extent of the problem and did not feel the prominence of the issue.

c. Caring for families experiencing health problems

Families can take appropriate action and correct, but the family has its limitations. The inability of families caring for a sick family member due to not knowing how to care on the disease. If so, family members who experienced health problems need to obtain follow-up or maintenance can be performed in health care institutions.

d. Modify the family environment to ensure the health of family

Maintaining a good environment will improve the health of families and assist healing. The inability of the family in modifying the environment can be caused due to limited family resources such as financial, physical condition of the home who are not eligible.

e. Utilize health care facilities in the vicinity of the family

Family's ability to utilize health care facilities will help family members who are sick get help and get treatment immediately so the problem is resolved.

Family Nursing Care Plan for Tuberculosis

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Family Nursing Care Plan for Tuberculosis

Family nursing care is a series of activities provided through the practice of nursing, family to help resolve the issue using the family health nursing process approach.

The nursing process is a scientific method that is used systematically to assess and determine the issues of health and family nursing, nursing care plan and carry out nursing interventions to families that have been prepared according to plan and evaluate the quality of nursing care is carried on the family.



Assessment

Five stages of the nursing process consists of: an assessment of the family, family problems and individual identification (nursing diagnoses), nursing care plan, implementation, deployment plans and evaluation of sources of care.

The nursing process has stages that are interdependent and structured systematically to describe the progression from one stage to another stage.

According to Friedman (1998:56) the process of nursing assessment by collecting information on an ongoing basis to the meaning attached to such information being collected. The assessment includes the collection of information is done in a systematic way, it means analyzed classified.

Data Collection

Data collection can be done by interview, observation, study and documentation of physical examination.

Data collected includes:

a. Family identity, which examined the age, occupation and residence.
Be at risk of tuberculosis patients are: individuals without adequate health care (homeless, prisoners), under the age of 15 years and young adults between 15-44 years old, rundown and stay in place under standard housing and jobs.

b. Cultural background or family practice
• Eating habits
In patients with tuberculosis had decreased appetite when it occurs continuously will cause the patient to be weak. Diet recommended for patients with tuberculosis: High Calorie High Protein.

• utilization of health facilities
Family's ability to utilize health services are very influential in the treatment of tuberculosis both for information and treatment. Some places that provide health services for tuberculosis is a health center, hospital and doctor.

• Socio-Economic Status
Low education levels influence patterns of thought and action in addressing family issues in the family. In contrast, families with higher education levels will be able to recognize problems and be able to take decisions to resolve the issue.

• Work and Income
Employment and income is very related. Family income will determine the ability of existing health problems. Ability to provide healthy housing, the ability of the ill treatment of family members and the ability to provide food with balanced nutrition.

• Activities
In addition to food, rest needs must also be considered. For patients with tuberculosis is recommended break of at least 8 hours per day.

• The development and family history
Level of development at this stage of family formation will be found to problems with low socioeconomic having to learn to adapt to the needs that must be met. New families learn to solve problems. In that situation, influence the level of family health. Low socioeconomic generally closely associated with health problems that they face due to ignorance and inability to overcome the problems they face. The absence of family history of health problems that have no effect on the health status of the family.

Environmental data

1. Characteristics of home
State of the narrow house, less ventilation, humidity, including home health condition under the standards. One factor that can cause tuberculosis bacteria survive the conditions of the humid air.

a. Characteristics of the environment
A clean home environment, waste disposal and proper waste disposal can reduce the transmission of tuberculosis and inhibit the growth of tuberculosis bacteria. TB is closely related to the condition of the slum environment.

b. Family gatherings and interaction with the community
Tuberculosis germs can be transmitted from the person through the air. The more frequent direct contact with patients infected with tuberculosis bereksiko once. Especially at home caring for the opportunity to contract tuberculosis than those located in public places.

2. Family structure

a. communication patterns
When the family communication that occurs in an open and two-way will be very supportive for people with tuberculosis. Remind each other and motivate patients to continue to take medication can speed up the healing process.

b. The role of family structure
When family members can receive and carry out its role properly will make family members happy and avoid any conflict in the family and society.

c. The structure of the family
Family members' ability to influence and control others to change behaviors that support healthy families. Problem solving and decision-making by consensus will be able to create a family atmosphere. Will arise in the family feel appreciated.

d. Family values ​​or norms
Individual behavior of each family member who ditampakan a picture of the prevailing values ​​and norms in the family.

3. Family Function

a. Affective Function
Family, loving and caring for sick family members tuberculosis will speed up the healing process. Because of the participation of family members in caring for a sick family member.

b. Socialization and Social Function Place
Family functions to develop and train social berkehidupan before leaving the house to relate to others.
There is no limit to socialize for people with the environment will affect the recovery of patients as long as people still consider her condition. Socialization is necessary because it can reduce stress for patients.

c. Function Care / Health Care
Associated with the ability to implement the 5 families in family duties in the health sector, namely:

• Identify family health issues
Health is a family needs that should not be ignored because of everything without health is meaningless because of health and sometimes the whole strength and resources depleted family funds. Inability of the family in identifying health problems in the family one of which is caused by a lack of knowledge. Lack of knowledge about the understanding of the family, signs and symptoms, consequences, prevention, care and treatment of tuberculosis.

• Decide on appropriate health measures for families
This task is a major effort for families seeking help appropriate to their family circumstances, to consider who among families who have decided to determine the ability of the family action. Health measures undertaken by the family of the right to expect health problems can be reduced even resolved. Family's inability to take decisions in doing the right thing, because the family did not understand the nature, weight and extent of the problem and did not feel the prominence of the issue.

• Taking care of families experiencing health problems.
Families can take appropriate action and correct, but the family has its limitations. The inability of families caring for a sick family member due to not knowing how to care on the disease. If so, family members who experienced health problems need to obtain follow-up or maintenance can be performed in health care institutions.

• Modifying the family environment to ensure the health of family
Maintaining a good environment will improve the health of families and assist healing. The inability of the family in modifying the environment can be caused due to limited family resources such as financial, physical condition of the home who are not eligible
.
• Make use of health care facilities in the vicinity of the family
Family's ability to utilize health care facilities will help family members who are sick get help and get treatment immediately so the problem is resolved.

4. Reproductive Function
Generation of the family serves to maintain and sustain the family. And also a place to develop a universal reproductive functions, including: sexual health and quality sex education to children is very important.

5. Economic Functions
Family functioning to meet the needs of families, such as the need for food, clothing and a place of refuge (home). And a place to develop the individual's ability to meet the income needs of families.

6. Family coping
If ineffective family coping to stressors that will cause stress that this berkepanjangan.Hal will affect the immune system.

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Tuberculosis

NANDA Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a common and very dangerous as well as a contagious disease which can be caused by a range of strains of mycobacteria. Tuberculosis is known to exist even before the year 2000BC, and writings from Egypt and Babylon mention it. Even the in the Greek literature there can be found information about phthisis and local doctors considered this disease to be very dangerous for citizens.

Many people in the world are being infected with this disease as it is one of the most frequent and a fearsome disease and it can be measured as one third of the total world population who are now almost infected with this disease. According to WHO estimation in the year 2007, there were 13.7 million chronic active cases, which had been seen mostly in the developing countries and out of all there were 9.3 million new cases, and 1.8 million deaths were in the estimation report.

The Tuberculosis is a disease caused by the infection by a bacterium known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease has been around since the Neolithic times. The cure was recently developed and has ever since saved many lives across the globe. The bacteria causing the disease were first identified in the year 1882 by Robert Koch. He described them under the microscope as rod-shaped germs/ bacilli. The Tuberculosis can also afflict the cattle only that it is caused by Mycobacterium bovis. The bacteria from infected cattle can be transmitted via the taking of the infected milk.

The bacteria causing Tuberculosis can be spread from one person to the next via particles in the air. However, it is not a guarantee that one will get infected after the inhalation. The infection chances are determined by ones immune system whether it can be able to destroy the bacteria before it enters the body. Some people develop latent infection where they carry the bacteria but will neither present the symptoms and neither will they be contagious.

Symptoms
The important symptoms of Tuberculosis are chest pain, coughing up blood, and a productive and lingering cough for more than three weeks. There are some of the systematic symptoms of this disease too and these are continuous fever, chills, frequently getting night sweats, immediate appetite loss, weight loss, whiteness, and feeling exhausted in most of the time. The infected person has odorous mucus. Some of the extra pulmonary infections can be included, like the pleura in tuberculosis pleurisy for which the central nervous system gets affected.

Nursing Diagnosis for Tuberculosis

1. Ineffective Airway Clearance


2. Risk for impaired Gas Exchange


3. Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements


4. Risk for Infection


5. Fatigue


6. Ineffective Coping


7. Risk for Injury


8. Deficient Knowledge [Learning Need] regarding condition, treatment, prevention.

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